Modular equipment center distributed independent protections

ABSTRACT

Distributed electronic protections and control architecture enabling simultaneous fault clearance without conflicting fault isolation logic. A plurality of modular equipment centers (MECs) is spatially distributed throughout a vehicle to service equipment loads with power and data. In one embodiment, protective functions are embedded on integrated protection chipsets (IPCs) within the distributed architecture of the vehicle. The IPCs implement a plurality of protective functions where coordinated or independent fault assessments are performed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present U.S. Nonprovisional application is related to co-pending U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. entitled “MODULAR EQUIPMENT CENTER DISTRIBUTED PRIMARY POWER ARCHITECTURE” Ser. No. 14/052,327, U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. entitled “MODULAR EQUIPMENT CENTER ZONAL STANDALONE POWER SYSTEM CONTROL ARCHITECTURE” Ser. No. 14/052,396, U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. entitled “MODULAR EQUIPMENT CENTER SOLID STATE PRIMARY POWER SWITCHING NETWORK” Ser. No. 14/052,426, U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. entitled “MODULAR EQUIPMENT CENTER DISTRIBUTED EQUIPMENT PACKAGING TRUSS” Ser. No. 14/052,304, U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. entitled “MODULAR EQUIPMENT CENTER INTEGRATED TRUSS SENSORS” Ser. No. 14/052,279, U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. entitled “MODULAR EQUIPMENT CENTER LIGHTNING THREAT REDUCTION ARCHITECTURE” Ser. No. 14/052,292, and U.S. Nonprovisional application Ser. No. entitled “REMOTE MODULAR EQUIPMENT CENTER ARCHITECTURE” Ser. No. 14/052,450, which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, having been filed concurrently with the present application.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The field of the embodiments presented herein is directed toward modular vehicle architectures, and more particularly, to electronic protections within distributed power and data aircraft architectures.

BACKGROUND

Most commercial aircraft have one or more centralized equipment bays for housing electrical power and communications equipment. Power and data are distributed from the centralized equipment bays throughout the entire aircraft to control all functions within the aircraft. The centralized equipment bays are displaced from one another across one or more section breaks in the aircraft. Typically, one centralized equipment bay is in a forward section and the other is in an aft section of the aircraft.

Generators driven by the main propulsive engines generate three-phase primary electrical power for the aircraft. The primary power is first routed to the aft equipment bay and then through the aircraft to the forward equipment bay. The primary power is then centrally configured for distribution throughout the rest of the aircraft to service various equipment loads. Centralized bus power control units within the equipment bays control all power functions throughout the aircraft. After the centralized conversions, secondary power is routed to remote power distribution units to service the equipment loads throughout the aircraft or directly to equipment loads.

All functions of the aircraft are reliant upon the centralized power and communications equipment. If either the power or data from the centralized equipment bays is severed, the receiving equipment goes into a standby state where it becomes difficult for the flight crew to determine the state of the corresponding systems. Also, the backbone of the communication network must be oversized because of the high bandwidth demands during peak times to and from the centralized communication equipment.

Composite aircraft do not have an aluminum chassis to serve as the return current path or network. Consequently, either a complex network of wires must be added to provide a current return path for all circuits or dedicated return wires must be added for each equipment load. For example, conductive wiring must be added that extend longitudinally along the length of the composite aircraft as well as laterally across the width of the composite aircraft, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,031,458 entitled CURRENT RETURN NETWORK, and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. This solution adds cost, manufacturing and maintenance complexity, increased voltage drop, and undesirable weight to the composite aircraft. Thus, attempts to reduce weight in composite aircraft by minimizing wiring have been counteracted by the need for increased lightning protection components and other reasons in composite aircraft.

The aluminum chassis (e.g. components that make up the frame or skin or combination thereof) of traditional aircraft, as well as any other conductive metal structure of the aircraft, is tied together to form a current return network for returning a voltage reference point to the source distribution grounding point. The current return network also provides lightning protections as well as personal safety protection path. However, in composite aircraft where the chassis may be formed of an insulation material, the routing of wires from the generators, to the forward and aft equipment bays, to the remote power distribution units and the equipment loads they service, and back to the forward equipment bay via the current return network, creates a large wire loop. In a composite aircraft, this long wire loop may induce a large current during a lighting strike to the aircraft under certain conditions. To address this concern, the wire loop may be shielded but this large wire loop and its shielding would undesirably contribute a significant amount of weight in the aircraft.

Commercial aircraft may be manufactured in separate sections that are then connected together to assemble a complete aircraft. Various systems in the aircraft may have components that are distributed across multiple sections. Before the sections are finally assembled together, many of the components in a section are installed and tested to confirm that they were assembled correctly. Therefore, to test and verify a section, the portions of the systems that are not yet present in the build sequence have to be emulated. Once section installations have been tested, final assembly of the sections forming the aircraft can be performed that would make repairs to errors found after this stage more difficult to correct due to limited accessibility.

In today's aircraft, one of the reasons final assembly is such a time consuming process is because of the large number of primary and secondary power connections and the large number of data connections between adjacent sections. Aircraft could be built at a faster rate and orders for completed aircraft could be filled more quickly by functionally testing systems earlier in the build cycle, thus eliminating the need to emulate some equipment located in other parts of the aircraft, reducing the number of connections across section breaks, eliminating integration panels, and by minimizing the weight and complexity of aircraft wiring.

It is with respect to these and other considerations that the disclosure herein is presented.

SUMMARY

It should be appreciated that this Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

According to one embodiment disclosed herein, a system for providing distributed electrical protections for electrical systems in a vehicle is provided. The system comprises modular equipment centers (MECs) spatially distributed throughout the vehicle. The system further comprises power controllers within each MEC for implementing protective functions by monitoring and controlling the electrical systems of the aircraft. One or more of the power controllers is configured to implement localized protective functions and perform independent fault assessments. One or more other power controllers within the vehicle are configured to perform coordinated fault assessments. Multiple power controllers within the vehicle may implement multiple protective actions substantially simultaneously without communication from other MECs.

According to another embodiment disclosed herein, a method for providing distributed protection and control architecture for electrical systems of a vehicle is provided. The method comprises spatially distributing MECs throughout the vehicle, distributing primary power from a power source to each of the MECs, distributing secondary power from each MEC to equipment loads nearest each MEC, providing integrated protection chipsets (IPCs) where each IPC provides electronic protective functions, performing high power level protections where primary power is received at each MEC from the power source, and independently performing low level protections where secondary power is distributed from each MEC to the equipment loads associated with each MEC.

According to yet another embodiment disclosed herein, a system for providing distributed protection of electrical systems in a vehicle is provided. The system comprises MECs spatially distributed throughout the vehicle. One or more power sources provide primary power to the MECs and one or more equipment loads are serviced by each of the MEC. The system further comprises IPCs for monitoring and controlling electrical systems within the aircraft. The IPCs are configured to implement a plurality of protective functions and one or more of the IPC are configured to make independent fault assessments.

The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments, further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments presented herein will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a top view of one configuration of an aircraft with spatially distributed modular equipment centers (MECs) wherein equipment loads are serviced by the nearest MEC according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 2 illustrates the splitting of two generators per aircraft engine relative forward and aft of the aircraft according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 3 illustrates one configuration of primary power feeders connected to generators energizing a power bus network according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 4 illustrates one configuration of a primary MEC and a secondary MEC according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIGS. 5A-5F illustrate one configuration of a fault tolerant combined primary and secondary power distribution network of primary MECs, secondary MECS, and a standby MEC according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 6 illustrates one configuration of a secondary power busing network in a forward section of the aircraft according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 7 illustrates one configuration of a MEC for servicing equipment loads and having a computing and network interface module for distributed computing functions and gateway routing of bi-directional data between MECs according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 8 illustrates one configuration of a data network structure with communication bus interfaces between spatially distributed MECs separated by section breaks according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 9 illustrates one configuration of the computing and interface module for distributed computing functions and gateway routing of bi-directional data according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate various configurations for high voltage primary power busing structures of primary MECs relative a particular power input source and a plurality of different power outputs according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 11 illustrates a common structure and layout of a primary power switching network device having a common power input source and a plurality of common power outputs for use with the primary MECs according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIGS. 12A-C illustrate one configuration of a set of primary power switching network devices for use with a primary MEC receiving three-phase power from a generator according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 13 illustrates an exploded perspective view of a multi-layered integrated truss system of a MEC according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 14 illustrates one configuration of a primary MEC with multiple power and communication transfer layers according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 15 generally illustrates one configuration of three-phase primary power routed from main generators to multiple transformer rectifier units (TRUs) and autotransformer units (ATUs) resulting in zero direct current (DC) offset voltage according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 16 illustrates one configuration of the distribution of either alternating current (AC) or DC power from the TRUs and ATUs to equipment loads utilizing twisted and shielded electrical conductor pairs according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 17 illustrates one configuration of an integrated truss system of a MEC within the floor of an aircraft according to at least one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 18 illustrates one configuration with integrated protection chipsets (IPCs) where power feeders interconnect with the main generators, the auxiliary power unit, and the MECs for performing local protective functions according to one embodiment disclosed herein,

FIG. 19 illustrates one configuration of a MEC having IPCs installed on contactors of a MEC according to at least one embodiment herein, and

FIG. 20 illustrates a one configuration of a routine for providing distributed protection and control architecture for electrical systems of a vehicle according to one embodiment disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is directed to vehicles having modular equipment centers to increase vehicle system redundancies while also distributing the modular equipment centers (MECs) throughout the vehicle in such a way that minimizes wire weight and the number of required wire connections to reduce overall vehicle weight and production time. The present invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms. There is no intent to limit the principles of the present invention to the particular disclosed embodiments. References hereinafter made to certain directions, such as, for example, “front”, “rear”, “left” and “right”, are made as viewed from the rear of the vehicle looking forward. In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof and in which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments or examples. Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals represent like elements throughout the several figures, aspects of the present disclosure will be presented.

Aspects of this disclosure may be used in many types of vehicles such as, for example, aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, watercraft, submarines, and passenger, agricultural or construction vehicles. Aspects of this disclosure may also be used in different constructions of vehicles. While the immediate benefit is towards vehicles that have non-conducting frames, chassis or skin, the disclosure features may be suitable and beneficial of vehicles constructed of conductive materials. For the sake of simplicity in explaining aspects of the present disclosure, this specification will proceed utilizing a composite aircraft 10 as the primary example. However, as will be seen, many of aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the composite aircraft 10.

As well understood by those skilled in the art, the exemplary aircraft 10 depicted in FIG. 1 includes a fuselage made substantially of composite materials, or composites. The outer composite skin on the fuselage of the aircraft 10 conforms to the curvature of fuselage frames. The fuselage includes a forward section 12, a middle section 14, and an aft section 16. Section breaks 18, 20, 22 are defined between adjacent aircraft sections. The composite aircraft 10 may have any number of engines. As shown in FIG. 1, left engine 30 is supported on the left wing and right engine 32 is supported on the right wing. Each of the engines 30, 32 has a rotor which defines a rotor burst zone 38 (FIG. 5A) in which damage to the fuselage and aircraft systems between the engines 30, 32 may occur as a result of an event or an operational inconsistency with one of the engines 30, 32.

The composite aircraft 10 may have any number of sections and the position of the aircraft sections or systems within the composite aircraft 10 may sometimes be described as being forward or aft of the rotor burst zone 38. Floor beams extend between fuselage frames to define a passenger compartment above the floor beams and a cargo area for holding cargo below the floor beams. Stanchions extending between the fuselage frames and the floor provide a fulcrum to assist in stiffening the floor of the composite aircraft 10. The passenger area is pressurized and all or part of the cargo area may be pressurized. Ducts may be positioned through the crown run of the composite aircraft 10 above the passenger compartment or below the floor in the cargo area such as between the fuselage frame and the stanchions.

On each of the engines 30, 32 are one or more main primary power sources such as high voltage AC left power generators 34 a, 34 b and high voltage AC right power generators 36 a, 36 b (hereinafter may be referred to collectively and/or generically as “left generators 34”, “right generators 36” or “generators 34, 36”). Primary power feeders 40 a and 40 b extend from the left generators 34 a, 34 b and primary power feeders 42 a and 42 b extend from the right generator 36 a, 36 b. As shown in FIG. 1, primary power is distributed throughout the composite aircraft 10 via the primary power feeders 40 a, 40 b, 42 a, 42 b (hereinafter may be referred to collectively and/or generically as “power feeders 40, 42”). The composite aircraft 10 may also have one or more high voltage AC auxiliary power unit generators 54 for redundancy in the event one or more of the generators 34, 36 fail, as well as to provide power when the engines 30, 32 are not running. When the composite aircraft 10 is parked and the engines are not running, power may be provided to the aircraft by one or more power sources such as high voltage AC external power unit 56.

For purposes of this disclosure, low voltage and high voltage are those voltages typically referred to as either low or high voltage within the aircraft industry and as may be described in DO-160, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment, a standard for environmental test of avionics hardware published by RTCA, Incorporated. Throughout this disclosure, 230 VAC is referred to as high voltage but another voltage within a range of voltages, higher or lower than 230 VAC, could also be referred to as high voltage. Also, 28 VDC and 115 VDC are referred to as low voltages but another voltage within a range of voltages, higher or lower than either of 28 VDC and 115 VDC, could also be referred to as low voltage.

The composite aircraft 10 in FIG. 1 does not have dedicated centralized equipment bays for housing power and communications equipment. The equipment is configured into modular power and communication equipment centers, referred to as MECs, that are spatially distributed throughout the composite aircraft 10. For example, one or more MECs are spatially distributed in each of the forward, middle and aft sections 12, 14, 16. Each of the MECs provide localized power conversion and may be either a primary MEC 44, a secondary MEC 46, or an auxiliary or standby MEC 48, as described in greater detail below. Primary MEC 44, secondary MEC 46 and standby MEC 48 may generally be referred to as “MEC” with one or more applicable reference numbers 44, 46, 48. Primary power is distributed from the generators 34, 36 via power feeders 40, 42 across section breaks 18, 20, 22 to a primary power input of each of the MECs 44, 46, 48.

For optimized fault tolerance, the aircraft 10 may include a standby MEC 48 positioned in the rear of the aircraft 10 and at least two MECs 44, 46 positioned in each of the forward, middle, and aft sections 12, 14, 16 of the aircraft 10. For example, in FIG. 1 redundancy may be achieved by having multiple MECs 44, 46, 48 in each aircraft section without having to cross section breaks 18, 20, 22. Preferably, each section 12, 14, 16 includes a primary MEC 44 and a corresponding secondary MEC 46 thereby defining a two by three configuration of MECs 44, 46 plus a standby MEC 48. If there are four separate aircraft sections then there is a two by four configuration of MECs 44, 46. Preferably, the MECS 44, 46, 48 are alternately spaced on the left and right sides relative to one another along the length of the aircraft 10. It should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to any particular number or configuration of MECs 44, 46, 48.

Equipment loads 50 may be various electrical loads in an aircraft including, but not limited to, displays, fans, environmental units, and the like. Sometimes an equipment load 50 may be in the form of a line replaceable unit (LRU) 52 (FIG. 4). The equipment loads 50 within each of the aircraft sections 12, 14, 16 are grouped into one or more zones of power and communication. Each zone of equipment loads 50 across multiple systems may be associated with and serviced by the nearest MEC 44, 46. Preferably, each zone of equipment loads 50 is located within a single section and associated with at least one MEC location in the same zone. Preferably, the connecting wires or lines do not cross section breaks 18, 20, 22.

Generally, any equipment load 50 on the aircraft 10 requires both electrical power and communication data. Data is needed to tell the equipment load 50 what to do, or provide feedback about its current status, while electrical power is needed so the equipment load 50 can perform its intended function. If power and data are provided to an equipment load 50 from different equipment centers and if one of either the power or data is lost then the equipment load 50 then has an indeterminable state. To avoid indeterminate states each MEC 44, 46, 48 independently provides both the electrical power and communication data for servicing each of the localized equipment loads 50 within an associated zone. The electrical power and data communication to an equipment load 50 may be synced or grouped together in that both the power and the data communication provided to the equipment load 50 originate from a single source such as the nearest MEC 44, 46, 48. Synced electrical power and communication data is sometimes referred to as a power channel. Each of the equipment loads 50 within a zone may receive power from a particular MEC 44, 46 and therefore the network communication switches providing data to those same equipment loads 50 are powered by that same MEC 44, 46.

The MECs 44, 46, 48 are configured to distribute power received from the main power sources. The MECs 44, 46, 48 may independently convert the primary power into secondary power. Secondary power may be distributed from the MECs 44, 46, 48 to then independently service each of the equipment loads 50 within each zone without a secondary branch power network extending across the section breaks 18, 20, 22. In such case, control and conversion of the primary power may be distributed to each of the primary MECs 44 of each section of the aircraft 10 such that only primary power is distributed across the section breaks 18, 20, 22 amongst the primary MECs 44. In a preferred configuration, only high voltage power feeders and the data backbone cross production breaks.

Distributing only primary power across section breaks 18, 20, 22 reduces the amount of wire required for distributing secondary power across multiple sections of the aircraft 10. This is because the distributed MEC architecture creates a separate secondary power distribution network within each section that allows for shorter runs of secondary wiring. Doing so reduces the overall weight of the wire utilized throughout the aircraft as well as the number of secondary connections required when joining adjacent fuselage sections. Also, because of the shorter secondary power runs, the total loop area of the power feeder run is reduced as compared to an implementation within a current return network. Moreover, aircraft production processes are improved because the secondary power network of wires extending across section breaks are limited or eliminated. The reduction of secondary power wires extending across section break are more readily tested and build quality verified earlier due to reduced reliance on other sections before final assembly of the aircraft 10.

As shown in FIG. 1, primary power feeder 40 a extends from generator 34 b on the left engine 30 into the middle section 14 to a MEC 44 shown on the left side of the mid section 14, across section break 20 to another MEC 44 shown on the left side of forward section 12, and then to another MEC 44 shown on the left side in front of forward section 12. Primary power feeder 40 b extends from generator 34 a on the left engine 30 into the middle section 14 to a MEC 44 on the left, across section break 22 to a left aft MEC 44, and then to a left aft MEC 48. Power feeder 42 a extends from generator 36 a on the right engine 32 into the middle section 14, across section break 20 to a MEC 44 on the right in forward section 12, and then to another MEC 44 on the right in front of the forward section 12. Primary power feeder 42 b extends from generator 36 b on the right engine 32 into the middle section 14 to middle right MEC 44, across section break 22 to right aft MEC 44, and then to right aft MEC 44. Alternatively, the power feeders 40 a, 40 b could instead provide primary power to the MECs 44 on the right side of one or more sections of the aircraft 10. In such case, the power feeders 42 a, 42 b would provide primary power to the MECs 44 on the left side of one or more sections the aircraft 10.

Also, one of the generators 34 a, 34 b on the left engine 30 could provide primary power to one side of the aircraft forward of a rotor burst zone 38 and the other of generators 34 a, 34 b on the left engine 30 could provide primary power to the other side of the aircraft 10 aft of the rotor burst zone 38. In such case, one of the generators 36 a, 36 b on the right engine 32 could provide primary power forward of the rotor burst zone 38 to the opposite side that is powered by one of the left generators 34 a, 36 b. The other of generators 36 a, 36 b on the right engine 32 could provide primary power aft of the rotor burst zone 38 to the opposite side powered by the other one of the left generators 34 a, 36 b.

FIG. 2 illustrates splitting two generators per engine relative the rotor burst zone 38 of the aircraft 10 which increases the availability of primary power in the event of an operational issue with an engine 30, 32. If one of the engines 30, 32 is lost, or a generator 34, 36 within one of the engines 30, 32 fail, the two remaining generators 34 a, 34 b, 36 a, 36 b on the remaining engine 30, 32 distribute both forward and aft primary power to the aircraft 10. Generator 34 a of the left engine 30 and generator 36 a of the right engine 32 power a pair of primary power switching buses 96 a forward of the rotor burst zone 38 that are connected to one another by a forward tie bus 76. Generator 34 b of the left engine 30 and generator 36 b of the right engine 32 power another pair of primary power switching buses 96 a aft of the rotor burst zone 38 that are connected by an aft tie bus 78. A mid tie bus 80 connects at least one of the forward primary power switching buses 96 a with at least one of the aft primary power switching buses 96 a. Therefore, when an engine 30, 32 experiences an operational inconsistency, the aircraft 10 continues to have power and control on one side along the entire length of the aircraft 10 due to the distribution of power from the remaining engine 30, 32 in a forward and aft manner. The power and control is distributed from a single engine 30, 32 both forward and aft of the rotor burst zone 38 without increasing the amount of wiring. FIG. 2 also illustrates the primary power switching buses 96 a distributing power to the secondary MECs 46 for power conversion and distribution to equipment loads 50 as explained in greater detail below. A standby MEC 48 may be coupled to the secondary MECs 46 to provide backup power when the primary main AC power sources are not available to the primary power switching buses 96 a as explained in greater detail below.

Unserviced equipment loads 50 in one or more zones occurs primarily for two reasons. Either all of the generators 34, 36 failed and therefore primary power is no longer available to any of the MECS 44, 46 or one or more of the buses 96 are physically damaged due to an event such as a rotor or tire burst. Rerouting of high voltage power from either of the four generators 34, 36 or auxiliary power unit generator 54 based on failure of one or more main primary power sources occurs at the primary bus level via the tie buses 76, 78, 80 through opening and closing of combinations of switches as shown by the primary power busing network system 90 depicted in FIG. 3. In one or more embodiments, one or more standalone solid state switches, for example contactors, are included on the primary power switch network system 90. The solid state switches each have a self-contained control function configured to provide one or more of localized protections, voltage sensing, and current sensing, independent of the availability of other power system components. The standalone solid state switch can function without the need for data from other power system components. Opening and closing of the solid state switch interrupts and routes primary power across one or more of the primary power switching buses to one or more of the MECs 44, 46, 48. Beginning with FIG. 3, specific contactors are depicted as either primarily closed or primarily open. The symbol for an open contactor is two parallel lines. The symbol for a normally closed contactor is the same with the exception that a diagonal line is drawn through the parallel lines. The standalone solid state switch may also include pulse width modulation to limit current flow through the standalone solid state switch. Rerouting of secondary power and low voltage DC between the MECs 44, 46, 48 based on failure of high voltage buses and conversion occur by the opening and closing of combinations of switches as shown by the primary power busing network 90 as depicted in FIG. 3.

Each MEC 44, 46, 48 has both primary and secondary power and is capable of independently performing closed loop processing and local control of sensors without being dependent on a central computer system. The distributed power system control architecture permits sharing of the overall vehicle power distribution status among the MECs 44, 46, 48 but each MEC 44, 46, 48 is only responsible for servicing equipment loads 50 in proximity of each MEC, with the exception of MEC 48 which also distributes standby power to all other MECs 44, 46. Each MEC 44, 46, 48 manages data associated with the zone of the nearest equipment loads 50 such that each MEC 44, 46, 48 independently performs operations within its own zone of equipment loads 50.

Each MEC 44, 46, 48 also preferably has solid state switching for bus power control and also provides circuit protections. In FIG. 3 power from primary power feeders 40, 42 connected to the generators 34, 36 energizes primary power switching buses 96 a. Each primary power switching bus 96 a branches off to a primary power switching bus 96 b within MEC 44 and a primary power switching bus 96 c within MEC 46. Each primary power switching bus 96 a connected with distribution feed 98 to a primary power switching bus 96 b corresponds with a single primary MEC 44 as shown in FIG. 4 and as described in greater detail below.

Referring to FIG. 4, a portion of each primary MEC 44 with a primary power switching bus 96 a is a high power portion 120 and another portion of the primary MEC 44 with the primary power switching bus 96 b is a low power portion 122 of the primary MEC 44. The high power portion 120 of a primary MEC 44 is configured to receive primary power from any high power main source available to the aircraft 10 and is sometimes referred to as a primary power switching network device 302 (FIG. 12A-12C). The network of high power portions 120 of the primary MECs 44 within the aircraft 10 define a high voltage primary power switching network.

The low power portion 122 is preferably configured to handle a fraction of the power from onboard power sources but still be able to handle the same voltages as the high power portions 120. The primary power switching buses 96 c correspond with secondary MECs 46 shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 best illustrates the similarity between a secondary MEC 46 and the low power portion 122 of a primary MEC 44. Primary MECs 44 include the primary level power network busing structure of primary power switching buses 96 a to reroute primary sources across the aircraft 10 that the secondary MECs 46 do not have. During normal as well as abnormal operations, the primary and secondary MECs 44, 46 both have primary and standby power. Secondary MECs 46 service the nearest equipment loads 50 just like a primary MEC 44.

Referring back to FIG. 3, distribution feeds 98 extend between primary power switching buses 96 a and 96 b of each primary MEC 44 and distribution feeds 100 extend between each bus 96 b of the primary MEC 44 and the primary power switching bus 96 c of a secondary MEC 46 that directly receives power from the same source. Also, a crosstie 102 extends between the bus primary power switching 96 b of the primary MEC 44 associated with left generator 34 a and the primary power switching bus 96 b of the primary MEC 44 associated with the right generator 36 a. A crosstie 104 extends between the primary power switching bus 96 c of the secondary MEC 46 associated with left generator 34 a and the primary power switching bus 96 c of the secondary MEC 48 associated with the right generator 36 a. A crosstie 106 extends between the primary power switching bus 96 b of the primary MEC 44 associated with left generator 34 b and the primary power switching bus 96 b of the primary MEC 44 associated with the right generator 36 b. A crosstie 108 extends between the primary power switching bus 96 b of the secondary MEC 46 associated with generator 34 b and the primary power switching bus 96 b of the secondary MEC 46 associated with the right generator 36 b. Auxiliary power unit generator 54 is connected to the crossties 102, 106, respectively.

FIG. 5A illustrates one configuration of the fault tolerant combined primary and secondary power distribution networks of primary, secondary and standby MECS 44, 46, 48 within the aircraft 10. For purposes of illustrating greater detail, FIGS. 5B-5E illustrate close-up partial views of four separate portions which can be positioned next to each other to assemble the complete system depicted in FIG. 5A. Two dot-dash lines on each of FIGS. 5B-5E denote the broken edges of each partial view. FIG. 5B illustrates the top left portion of FIG. 5A. FIG. 5C illustrates the top right portion of FIG. 5A. FIG. 5D illustrates the bottom left portion of FIG. 5A and FIG. 5E illustrates the bottom right portion of FIG. 5A. Also, FIG. 5F illustrates one configuration of the standby MEC 48 of the system of FIG. 5A. The contactors shown in FIG. 3 are also shown symbolically in FIGS. 5A-5F, but without reference numbers to simply 5A-5F, and may also be shown in other drawings without any reference numbers or having different reference numbers.

In FIG. 5A the primary and secondary MECS 44, 46 are arranged in such a way that there are a total of four in the forward sections of the aircraft 10 and another four in the aft sections of the aircraft 10. Preferably, there is a primary MEC 44 and a secondary MEC 46 in each of a pair of forward sections and a primary MEC 44 and a secondary MEC 46 in each of a pair of aft sections. FIG. 5A also shows a standby MEC 48 in an aft section of the aircraft 10. The non-time limited power source for the standby MEC 48 can be a RAM air turbine (RAT) 128 or other suitable independent time limited standby power source such as a battery or fuel cell. In the event of an operational inconsistency with all the generators 34, 36, the RAT 128 is deployed to provide standby power to standby MEC 48 as well as to one or more of the MECs 44, 46 in the event that all of the generators 34 a, 34 b, 36 a, 36 b have an operational inconsistency. The battery 598 provides temporary operational power to standby MEC 48 as well as to one or more of the MECs 44, 46 while the non-time limited RAT 128 is being deployed.

If one of the generators 34 a, 34 b, 36 a, 36 b fails, power is not being received at the primary power switching bus 96 a of a primary MEC 46. Therefore, the equipment loads 50 off of the lower power portion 122 of the primary power switching bus 96 b of the unpowered primary MEC 44 are unserviced and the equipment loads 50 off of the primary power switching bus 96 c of an unpowered adjacent secondary MEC 46 are unserviced. Power is then rerouted at the primary level from one of the other remaining operational sources by opening and closing of combinations of contactors to energize primary power switching bus 96 a of unpowered primary MEC 44 to power its equipment loads 50 and to energize primary power switching bus 96 c of any unpowered adjacent secondary MEC 46 to power its equipment loads 50.

Alternatively, if a MEC 44, 46, 48 experiences a physical failure and as result its equipment loads 50 are unpowered, then power may be rerouted to power the equipment loads 50 of the unpowered MEC 44, 46, 48 by another powered MEC 44, 46, 48. Depending on the amount of power available to be rerouted, all or only a portion of the equipment loads 50, such as only the critical loads, may be repowered. Also, if all power sources are lost and the MECs 44, 46, 48 are unpowered, then the standby MEC 48 with the fuel cell or RAT 128 can power the critical equipment loads 50 of the other MECs 44, 46. Critical loads are those equipment loads 50 that the aircraft 10 must have powered to maintain continued safe flight and landing. Essential loads are those equipment loads 50 that are desirable to have such as radios and other communications equipment but operation is not required to fly the aircraft 10. Non-essential loads are the lowest priority equipment loads 50 such as passenger comfort loads including food preparation devices, decorative lighting and cabin entertainment systems.

By way of example, the auxiliary power unit generator 54 could service the equipment loads 50 lost due to the failure of one of the main generators 34, 36. If generator 34 b fails then, through a combination of contactors in forward tie bus 76, aft tie bus 78, mid tie bus 80, primary power is provided directly from the remaining main generators 34, 36. Alternatively, primary power may be provided from the auxiliary power unit generator 54 through another operational MEC 44, 46 across one or more of the crossties 102, 104, 106, 108, to the primary power switching bus 96 a of an unpowered primary MEC 44 or to the primary power switching bus 96 c of an unpowered secondary MEC 46.

In the event one or more of the MECs 44, 46 has a physical operational inconsistency, all or part of the plurality equipment loads 50 within the zone associated with each operationally inconsistent MEC 44, 46 can be associated with one or more other MECs 44, 46 that are nearest in proximity. For example, if a primary MEC 44 physically fails, the equipment loads 50 once serviced by that failed MEC 44 may be serviced by another MEC 44, 46 or a combination of MECs 44, 46. MECs 44, 46 can determine the types of equipment loads 50 once serviced by the failed MEC 44 and then determine whether one or more of the combination of MECs 44, 46 should service those unpowered equipment loads 50. If it is determined that a secondary MEC 46 in closest proximity to the failed primary MEC 44 is to service the additional equipment loads 50 then the zone originally associated with that secondary MEC 46 is expanded to encompasses the zone formerly serviced by failed primary MEC 44.

Alternatively, the additional equipment loads 50 may be divided between a secondary MEC 46 and another primary MEC 46 in proximity to the failed primary MEC 46. In such case, the zone of equipment loads 50 associated with the nearest operational primary MEC 44 is expanded to include a portion of the zone formerly serviced by failed primary MEC 44 and the zone of equipment loads 50 associated with the nearest operational secondary MEC 46 is expanded to include the remaining portion of the zone formerly serviced by failed primary MEC 44. In either case, one or more other MECs 44, 46 in proximity of a failed MEC 44, 46 are sourced to independently provide the services to the equipment loads 50 previously serviced by the failed MEC 44, 46.

Each secondary MEC 46 and each low power portion 122 of each primary MEC 44 includes contactors coupled to conversion equipment. The conversion equipment includes a transformer rectifier unit (TRU) 134, which rectifies the 230 VAC and converts it to the main DC output such as 28 VDC for bus 136, and an autotransformer or autostep down transformer unit (ATU) 138 to convert 230 VAC to 115 VAC for a low power AC output bus 140. Each secondary MEC 44 and low power portion 122 of a primary MEC 44 further includes a second TRU 142, not just for redundancy, but to provide power only to the critical loads absolutely necessary for continued safe flight and landing. Limiting the second TRU 142 to only critical loads ensures that the standby power sources are not overloaded.

FIG. 6 illustrates the configuration of a secondary power busing configuration, in forward section 12 for example, where the primary power switching buses 96 b in the low power portions 122 of the primary MECs 44 and the primary power switching buses 96 c of the secondary MECs 46 are tied together. As described above, whether all or only a portion of the unpowered equipment loads 50 of a damaged MEC 44, 46 are serviced by another MEC 44, 46 depends on available power. In the event one of the TRUs 134 in one of the MECs 44, 46 within an aircraft section fails, the most critical of equipment loads 50 from the operationally inconsistent TRU 134 may be serviced by another MEC 44, 46 in that same aircraft section providing secondary power across the various contactors and backup buses 148.

Preferably MECs 44, 46 in the aft section 16, have secondary power tie-ins from the auxiliary power unit generator 54 due to their proximity to one another which minimizes the power feeder wire weight. Also, the MECs 44, 46 in the forward section 12 of the aircraft 10 tie in at lower voltage levels such as 115 VAC from the external power ground service equipment such as external power unit 56 as shown in FIGS. 2 and 6. However, the 115 VAC from the ground to the low power AC output buses 140 in the MECs 48 in the forward section 12 could be converted to higher voltages such as 230 VAC by bi-directional ATUs 138 which then may be distributed to the other MECs 44, 46 in other sections of the aircraft 10. Also, a second TRU 142, typically used for more critical loads as explained above, allows battery power from battery bus 294 via backup bus 148 to power those critical loads that were lost.

As shown in FIG. 7, a computing (hardware and software) and network interface (CNI) module 162 located inside each MEC 44, 46, 48 provides distribute computing functions and gateway routing of bi-directional data. Each CNI module 162 contains two failsafe computing systems that become a fault tolerant computing system. Each fail safe computing system is redundant to the other. This fault tolerant computing system responds gracefully to unexpected hardware and/or software failures to allow no loss of service to system functions within the aircraft 10. The CNI module 162 transmits/receives data to/from internal MEC computing functions and external MEC computing functions via an internal system communication bus (such as FlexRay, Controller Area Network (CAN), ARINC 664, TTP or other bus technology). Other MECS 44, 46, 48 on the aircraft 10 will communicate with the CNI module 162 via a data networking specification, such as the ARINC 664, across external data communication channel A and external data communication channel B as shown in FIG. 7 having reference numbers 188 and 190, respectively.

The CNI module 162 is a distributed computing element that hosts specific software applications used within that localized zone of the aircraft 10. Some examples of the system applications that can be hosted on the CNI module 162 are the AC and DC power systems, cargo door system, passenger entry door system, landing gear system, and passenger cabin system. The computing functions that communicate to the CNI module 162 are TRUs 134, TRUs 142, ATUs 138, solid state switches of a breakers module 166, a generator control unit GCU 168 associated with one of the generator 34, 36, solid state power distribution modules 170, and remote data concentrators. The CNI module 162 communicates internally within the MEC 44, 46, 48 across internal data channel A 202 and internal data channel B 204 to the TRUs 134, 142, the ATUs 138, the breaker modules 166, the GCU 168, and the power distribution modules 170 as described in greater detail below.

The CNI module 162 will transmit and receive data to/from these computing functions. The CNI module 162 will also transmit and receive the status and health from other MECs 44, 46, 48 and aircraft computing systems. Each CNI module 162 manages the workload of an individual MEC 44, 46, 48 with knowledge of what is going on in other MECs 44, 46, 48. Once the information has been received by the CNI module 162 of a MEC 44, 46, 48, its computing function will determine which system needs the data, interpret the health of the data, respond to any power system anomalies, supply time-critical information to computing functions that need it, perform system level logic algorithms, report airplane level system faults, and control the distribution of AC and DC power for that zone.

FIG. 8 illustrates the data network structure with communication bus interfaces between the spatially distributed MECs 44, 46, 48 separated by section breaks 18, 20, 22. This configuration allows each individual MEC 44, 46, 48 to communicate with other MECs 44, 46, 48 as well as provide the redundancy required to ensure continued communication across failures. Section break 20 defines forward and aft sections of the aircraft. The number of network communication switches needed is determined by the number of MECs 44, 46, 48 and the desired fault tolerance. FIG. 8 illustrates nine MECs 44, 46, 48 with three pairs of network switches 182 a-b, 184 a-b, 186 a-b (hereinafter may be referred to collectively and/or generically as “network switches 182, 184, 186”). Each network switch 182, 184, 186 may be a multilayer network switch such as a layer-3 network switch that can receive secondary electrical power from the CNI modules 162 of each of the interfacing MECs 44, 46, 48. If there were more MECs 44, 46, 48 then more network switches would be required to achieve the same level of fault tolerance.

Each MEC 44, 46, 48 has A and B communication channels. Channels A and B of each primary MEC 44 connects to two corresponding A or B switches on either another primary MEC 44 or on a standby MEC 48. Each primary MEC 44 includes one switch 182, 184, 186 on either channel A or channel B, while standby MEC 48 in an aft section of the aircraft includes both switches of a pair of switches 182, 184, 186 on both A and B channels. Switches 182 a, 184 a, 186 a correspond with channel A and switches 182 b, 184 b, 186 b correspond with channel B. External communication data lines 192 indicate switch to switch data lines.

Generally, a network switch on each primary MEC 44 on one side of the section break 20 is connected to two other network switches of other primary or standby MECs 44, 48 where at least one of those MECs 44, 48 is on the other side of the section break 20 and one is on the opposite side of the aircraft 10. For example, network switch 182 a of the forward right primary MEC 44 that is forward of the section break 20 is connected on the other side of the section break 20 to both network switch 184 a on the aft left primary MEC 44 and to network switch 186 a on the standby MEC 48. Network switch 182 b on the forward left primary MEC 44 that is forward of the section break 20 is connected on the other side of the section break 20 to both network switch 184 b on the aft right primary MEC 44 and to network switch 186 b on the standby MEC 48. Network switch 186 b on the standby MEC 48 is also connected to network switch 184 b on the opposite side of the aircraft 10. Network switch 184 a is also connected to network switch 186 a of the standby MEC 48.

Each of the secondary MECs 46 also has two data channels with two other primary or standby MECs 44, 48. External communication data lines 196 indicate data connections of a network switch of a primary MEC 44 directly to a secondary MEC 44. One of the channels of each secondary MEC 48 is connected to a network switch on the same channel of a primary MEC 48 on the other side of the section break 20 and the other channel is connected to another secondary MEC 46. Therefore, FIG. 8 shows eight data bus connections crossing section break 20 and four data bus connections crossing each of the section breaks 18, 22. This configuration minimizes the amount of communication wiring across section breaks as well as the overall weight of wiring in the aircraft. Separation is maintained between each data bus by utilizing the space in the crown and the floor of the aircraft 10.

If any two MECS 44, 46, 48 are powered then the communication network will be active and data will be present so that those two MECS 44, 46, 48 can fully communicate with each other. This communication network is a fault tolerant network in that any one connection between a pair of MECs may be lost without reducing any MEC 44, 46, 48 functionality. Moreover, loss of any two communication connections at the same time between the MECs 44, 46, 48 at most results in the loss of data communication with only one of the MECs 44, 46, 48. Healthy CNI modules 162 can optimally respond to changing configurations of the power system in a coordinated fashion by utilizing local environment information and communications from other healthy CNI modules 162.

For example, loss of the network switch 182 a on channel A of the forward right primary MEC 44 does not result in complete loss of communications to and from the forward right primary MEC 44 because communications to and from forward right primary MEC 44 may continue through channel B. Any other MECs 44, 46, 48 which had communicated via channel A with the forward right primary MEC 44 can directly communicate through channel B or via other MECs 44, 46, 48 that are connected to forward right primary MEC 44 via channel B. Also, if network switch 182 a on channel A of the forward right primary MEC 44 was lost in addition to the channel B connection to the forward right secondary MEC 44, communications to and from the forward right primary MEC 44 would continue via channel B but then communications would be lost only with the forward right secondary MEC 44 because both channels A and B were lost.

One aspect of the present disclosure is distributed power control architecture. Power control is distributed to each MEC 44, 46, 48 as well as power itself. Based on the local data each individual MEC 44, 46, 48 collects, each MEC 44, 46, 48 performs its own power control of its associated zone to configure its own equipment loads 50 without having to rely on any other MECs 44, 46, 48. Only the data that is really necessary, such as the need to reroute power, is sent to the CNI modules 162 of other MECs 44, 46, 48.

Normal power up of an aircraft 10 on the ground is preferably a sequential power up of the MECs 44, 46, 48. Normal power up is done via the battery 598 which powers all the standby buses 160 in MECs 44, 46 via the static inverter 290 and the backup bus 148. Should the battery 598 not be available, a limited amount of exterior power from the external power unit 56 is sent to power up the standby MEC 48. Once the standby MEC 48 is powered up, power is then distributed from the standby MEC 48 to the each of the other primary and secondary MECs 44, 46 to power up their CNI modules 162 and configure contactors within each MEC 44, 46 as appropriate with the power sources that are available. On the other hand, a sequential power up is not utilized if a MEC 44, 46 becomes unpowered during normal flight operations. If the CNI module 162 in one of the MECs 44, 46 has no primary power, the low power interconnection between two MECs 44, 46, such as a primary MEC 44 and a secondary MEC 44 with a distribution feed 100, provides a means to still power the unpowered MEC 44, 46 as explained above.

The CNI module 162 reads input/output communications from other systems or LRUs as well as configuration data from other MECs 44, 46, 48. Broadcasting each MEC's 44, 46, 48 configuration data allows each of the other MECs 44, 46, 48 to determine what is going on elsewhere in the aircraft 10. The CNI module 162 then uses this data to configure breakers and contactors within its MEC 44, 46, 48 and then writes configuration data onto channel A or B about the equipment loads 50 within its zone to broadcast to the other MECs 44, 46, 48 so that other MECs 44, 46, 48 can do the same. Each CNI module 162 checks the validity of the communications input/output and environmental data it receives and, if necessary, refines it to determine its own environment data and states of its breakers. Once the CNI module 162 figures out how it wants to command its breakers and contactors within its zone, it then sends its configuration data out to the other MECs 44, 46, 48.

The CNI module 162 of each MEC 44, 46, 48 only controls the equipment loads 50 within the boundaries assigned to that MEC 44, 46, 48. Each CNI module 162 of a particular MEC 44, 46, 48 does not set the equipment load 50 configuration of other MECs 44, 46, 48 or how to configure their breakers or contactors. However, all the MECs 44, 46, 48 still cooperate with one another to provide a coherent and unified power transfer function for the primary and secondary power systems of the aircraft 10. The CNI modules 162 of MECs 44, 46, 48 that are functioning properly are able to react to a MEC 44, 46, 48 that has operational issues and reroute power across power tie buses 76, 78, 80, distribution feeds 98, 100 and crossties 102, 104, 106, 108 even in conjunction with additional failures. The computing and networking architecture is both fail safe and fault tolerant. If a CNI module 162 has an operational issue, all of its connected load will enter a predefined default “fail safe” state. Adjacent CNI modules 162 do not have the capacity or authority to control other equipment loads outside of their zone.

The CNI module 162 shown in FIG. 9 includes one network switch 182, 184, 186 on one side of the CNI module 162 corresponding with channel A and another network switch 182, 184, 186 on the other side corresponding with the channel B. Both network switches 182, 184, 186 have one or more ports 206 for making external data communication connections. Each side of the CNI module 162 also has one or more ports 208 for making internal data communication connections within the MEC 44, 46, 48 as described in greater detail below. The CNI module 162 includes two multi-core processors 242, 244 for running multiple instructions associated with processing channel A and channel B data communications. Each processor 242, 244 can process instructions for receiving and transmitting communication data within a MEC 44, 46, 48 at ports 208 or for receiving and transmitting communication data outside of the MEC 44, 46, 48 with either network switch 182, 184, 186 through the ports 206. One of the processors 242, 244 on one side of the CNI module 162 corresponds with one communication channel and the other processor 244 on the other side of the CNI module 162 corresponds with the other communication channel. However, each processor 242, 244 has a crossover to the other network switch 182, 184, 186 for the other communication channel so that each processor 242, 244 can read and process both channel A and B communications.

Each component or LRU 52 placed on a truss system of a MEC 44, 46, 48 such as the CNI module 162 may include a barcode reader 248 for optically reading labels. The barcode reader 248 may be a quick response (QR) code reader for reading QR codes. Barcodes (not shown) may be placed in the MEC, 44, 46, 48 or elsewhere in the aircraft 10 in proximity of the barcode reader 248. The barcode reader 248 reading barcodes allows the MEC 44, 46, 48 to input information such as identification, position, time tracking and other configuration information to set software parameters of the CNI module 162 of the MEC 44, 46, 48. For example, the bar code reader 248 may read the position of the CNI module 162 so that the MEC 44, 46, 48 knows which section or which side of the aircraft 10 it is located in. Also, determining the location of the CNI module 162 allows the MEC 44, 46, 48 to determine the nearest equipment loads 50. The configuration information may also be transmitted to other MECs 44, 46, 48, elsewhere in the aircraft 10, or a central facility outside of the aircraft 10 such as a maintenance facility.

Based on how much power is distributed from the MEC 44, 46, 48, the CNI module 162 may require one or more additional power inputs 288, such as 28 VDC or 115 VAC, and power regulators 238, from one or more transfer layers of a truss system as explained below. For example, 28 VDC is input to point of use regulator 280 for the barcode reader 248. Each CNI module 162 also receives one or more DC power inputs 284 from power outputs 286 of the CNI modules 162 of one or more other MECs 44, 46, 48 to power one or both network switches 182, 184, 186. Power inputs 284 and power regulators 246 provide redundancy to prevent a single power failure from resulting in failure of any of the processing or communication channels.

If there is a complete loss of power to a MEC 44, 46, 48 at inputs 288 from a transfer layer of the truss system, then the MEC 44, 46, 48 with the CNI module 162, network switches 182, 184, 186, the power regulators 246, and the barcode reader 248, may still be powered. Because of the one or more DC power inputs 284 routed from redundant power outputs 286 of other CNI modules 162 of other MECs 44, 46, 48, the CNI module of the unpowered MEC 44, 46, 48 never loses power and is able to reroute power from an adjacent MEC and then powers up one or more transfer layers of its own MEC 44, 46, 48. The MEC 44, 46, 48 can then still service some or all of its equipment loads 50 and the CNI module 162 remains fully functional and can communicate with other CNI modules 162 thereby keeping truss system of the MEC 44, 46, 48 and the communications network active.

FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate configurations of the high voltage primary power switching bus structure of each of the primary MECs 44 shown in FIGS. 5A-5E. Each may be designated as R1, R2, L1 or L2 based on which generator 34 a, 34 b, 36 a, 36 b directly powers each of the four primary MECs 44 and whether the four primary MECs 44 are forward or aft and whether they are on the left or on the right side of the aircraft 10. R1 corresponds with the forward right primary MEC 44 that receives primary power from generator 36 a. R2 corresponds with the aft right primary MEC 44 that receives primary power from generator 36 b. L1 corresponds with the forward left primary MEC 44 that receives primary power from generator 34 a. L2 corresponds with the aft left primary MEC 44 that receives primary power from generator 34 b.

FIG. 10A illustrates the high power portion 120 with primary power switching bus 96 a and solid state switching devices of the forward right primary MEC 44 (R1) of FIGS. 5A and 5B. FIG. 10B illustrates the high power portion 120 with primary power switching bus 96 a and solid state switching devices of the aft right primary MEC 44 (R2) of FIGS. 5A and 5C. FIG. 10C illustrates the high power portion 120 with primary power switching bus 96 a and solid state switching devices of the forward left primary MEC 44 (L1) of FIGS. 5A and 5D. FIG. 10D illustrates the high power portion 120 with primary power switching bus 96 a and solid state switching devices of the aft left right primary MEC 44 (L2) of FIGS. 5A and 5E. Together, FIGS. 10A-10D depict a common architecture and layout of solid state switching devices that can provide connectivity for each primary MEC 44.

FIG. 10A best illustrates the primary busing structure, solid state elements, and connections for the forward right primary MEC 44 (R1) which has the least number of solid state elements in comparison to the other primary MECs 44 positioned elsewhere. However, the minimal structure depicted in FIG. 10A may be expanded to include the additional solid state elements (shown in phantom) in order to include the required functionality for any of the other primary MECs 44. The additional solid state elements may or may not be populated in all slots in all installed MECs 44, 46, 48.

Each of the four configurations of FIGS. 10A-10D for the four primary MECs 44 have a primary power connection 210 from one of the main generators 34 a, 34 b, 36 a, 36 b, and a connection 212 to either the forward or aft ties 76, 78. Each configuration also includes an output connection 214 to an associated secondary MEC 46. Each also includes two high current solid state contactors 216, 218 and two low current solid state contactors 220, 222. The two high current contactors 216, 218 are connected together at connection 224. One of the high current contactors 216 is also connected at connection 210 for turning on and off main primary power and the other high current contactor 218 is also connected at the connection 212 for the forward or aft ties 76, 78 depending on whether the primary MEC 44 is in a forward or aft section of the aircraft 10. The low current contactor 220 is connected to a connection 214 for the associated secondary MEC 46. The other low current contactor 222, in combination with the distribution feed 98 as described in greater detail below, is for turning on and off power between the high power portion 120 and the low power portion 122 of each primary MEC 44.

The left forward primary MEC 44 (L1) depicted in FIG. 10C includes another high current contactor 250 between a connection 252 from the mid tie 80 and the connection 212 for the forward tie bus 76. The aft left primary MEC 44 (L2) depicted in FIG. 10D includes the additional high current contactor 250 that the left forward primary MEC 44 (L1) includes as well as another high current contactor 260 between the connection 252 for the mid tie bus 80 and an input connection 262 for the auxiliary power unit generator 54. The aft left primary MEC 44 (L2) also includes the same low current contactor 232 to the standby MEC 48 where high voltage AC power is sent across tie 270 and to auto-transformer rectifier unit (ATRU) 272 and to bus 274.

The aft right primary MEC 44 (R2) depicted in FIG. 10B also includes a low current contactor 232 for connecting the standby MEC 48 with high voltage AC power across tie 234 to ATRU 236 and to bus 240. All four configurations also have the option of having additional contactors such as a low current contactor 278 for turning on and off power requiring 230 VAC as shown in each of the FIGS. 10A-10D.

To facilitate manufacturing and inventory availability, the varying architectures shown in each of the FIGS. 10A-10D can be rearranged into a single structure having a similar layout of a primary power switching network device (PPSND) 302, as shown in FIG. 11, with optional contactors 232, 250, 260, 278 for various loads based on the primary power switching configuration and where the MEC 44 is within an aircraft 10 as explained above. Each PPSND 302 corresponds with the high power portion 120 of each primary MEC 44 and is configured to share common sources and outputs with options for additional contactors 232, 250, 260, 278 for receiving primary power directly from a standby MEC 48 or for receiving primary power from auxiliary power unit generator 54 which are connected via the forward, aft and mid tie buses 76, 78, 80 as needed.

As shown in FIG. 5C the high power primary power switching bus 96 a of aft right primary MEC 44 is connected to the standby MEC 48 with tie 234. In FIG. 5D, the forward left primary MEC 44 is connected by the forward tie bus 76 with contactor 218 a-c to the forward right primary MEC 44 and connected by the mid tie bus 80 with contactors 250 a-c to the aft left primary MEC 44. The aft left primary MEC 44 as shown in FIG. 10D has the most contactors as a result of being connected to other primary MECs 44 with the aft and mid tie buses 78, 80 as well as the standby MEC 48 with contactors 232 a-c by the tie 270.

A set of substantially identical PPSNDs 302 a-c as shown in FIGS. 12A-12C, can be used with a primary MEC 44 to receive three-phase primary power from one of the generators 34, 36. Although the PPSNDs 302 a-c shown are labeled for use in combination with the forward right primary MEC 44 (R1), the three PPSNDs 302 a-c may also be used to receive three-phase power for either of the other primary MECs 44. Each of the primary power feeders 40, 42 preferably is a four conductor power wire connected to each of the primary MECs 44 where three of the conductors carry either of phases A, B or C of the three-phase power. The forth conductor can be a neutral wire connected to a fourth PPSND.

Still referring to FIG. 11 and FIGS. 12A-12C, phase A power is received at connection 210 a to power the primary power switching bus 96 a of the PPSND 302 a of FIG. 12A, phase B power is received at connection 210 b to power the primary power switching bus 96 b of the PPSND 302 b of FIG. 12B, and phase C power is received at connection 210 c to power the primary power switching bus 96 c of the PPSND 302 c of FIG. 12C. Solid state elements are depicted by squares in each of FIGS. 12A-12C and sets of the solid state elements constitute the contactors 216, 218, 220, 222, 232, 250, 260 and 278 as depicted in FIG. 11.

In FIGS. 12A-12C, reference numbers ending with “a”, “b” or “c” may refer to components utilizing phase A power, phase B power or phase C power, respectively. However, such reference numbers themselves may also refer collectively and/or generically to the same components without specifically referencing a particular phase of power. Connections 210 a-c power the high power primary power switching buses 96 a-c, respectively. Primary power comes from each of the primary power switching buses 96 a-c across contactors 218 a-c to the forward tie bus 76 a-c (or the aft tie bus 78 a-c depending on whether the primary MEC 44 is in a forward or aft section of the aircraft 10). Alternatively, power could come from the forward tie bus 76 a-c to the primary power switching bus 96 a-c across contactors 218 a-c. Primary power could also be provided to and from the mid tie bus 80 a-c at connections 252 a-c and across contactors 250 a-c in association with the primary power switching buses 96 a-c. Primary power could also be provided from the auxiliary power unit generator 54 with a power tie 130 connected to connection 262 a-c and across contactors 260 a-c to the primary power switching buses 96 a-c.

Primary power is provided from the primary power switching buses 96 a-c across contactors 220 a-c to the output connections 214 a-c for the secondary MEC 46. Primary power is also provided from the primary power switching buses 96 a-c across contactors 222 a-c to output connections 390 a-c and across distribution feed 98 to power the low power portion 122 of the primary MEC 44. Three-phase primary power from the output connections 390 a-c of the PPSNDs 302 a-c may be sent through a truss system to other components within the same MEC 44, 48 as the PPSNDs 302 a-c. Distribution feed 98 is preferably a four wire conductor with a first wire for phase A power connected to output connection 390 a, a second wire connected to output connection 390 b, and a third wire connected to output connection 390 c.

Three-phase high power may be distributed directly from the high power portion 120 of a primary MEC 44 to optional or auxiliary loads by utilizing output connections 340 a-c or output connections 342 a-c on the PPSNDs 302 a-c shown in FIGS. 12A-12C. Contactor 232 and contactor 278, shown in FIG. 11, correspond with output connections 340 a-c and output connections 342 a-c shown in FIGS. 12A-12C. Power of 230 VAC to and from the auxiliary loads is controlled by the contactors 232 a-c, 278 a-c of the PPSNDs 302 a-c. If the PPSNDs 302 a-c were being utilized in the left aft primary MEC 44 (L2) as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5E, one of the auxiliary three-phase loads connected to output connections 340 a-c of the PPSNDs 302 a-c would be the standby MEC 48. In such case, the tie 270 providing three-phase power from the standby MEC 48 would be a four wire conductor with a separate wire connected to each of the three PPSNDs 302 a-c and the fourth wire as a neutral connected to a fourth PPSND 302. Although FIGS. 12A-12C depict direct connections for a total of two different three-phase loads, many other three-phase loads may be serviced by a particular primary MEC 44 with additional connections.

One or more of the MECS 44, 46, 48 may also include an integrated truss system having a mounting structure of one or more data and/or power transfer layers separated by one or more insulation layers. The truss is configured to facilitate easy installation or replacement within an aircraft 10 and may be constructed of rigid or flexible materials such as sheet metal, thermoplastics, composites, or some other suitable material. In an aircraft, power or data could be transferred to various locations on the mounting structure of the truss system or to various locations in the aircraft. In some configurations, a via or a mechanism such as a truss interconnect can electrically connect one or more power or data lines in one layer to one or more power or data lines in one or more different layers of the integrated truss system, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/930,024, entitled TRUSS INTERCONNECT, filed 28 Jun. 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The interconnect can also be used to electrically interconnect a LRU mounted to the top surface layer of the integrated truss system and to send power into the truss or from the truss into the LRU. An LRU with the PPSNDs 302 a-c has a conductive boss (projection) and as the interconnect passes through the LRU and into the truss system the interconnect expands into the boss as well as the transfer layers of the truss system to make electrical connections between the LRU and the truss system.

In some configurations, the integrated truss system may electrically connect both power and data systems. In further configurations, the truss interconnect can also provide a mechanical connection between one or more layers of the integrated truss system. In additional configurations, the truss interconnect may be configured for multiple insertions and extractions, allowing the reuse of the truss interconnect.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exploded, perspective view of a multi-layered integrated truss system 500 of a MEC 44, 46, 48. The integrated truss system 500 may include insulation layers 502 a-502 b (hereinafter referred to collectively and/or generically as “insulation layers 502”) and transfer layers 504 a-504 c (hereinafter referred to collectively and/or generically as “transfer layers 504”). In some configurations, the insulation layers 502 and the transfer 504 layers are alternately arranged among each other such that the insulation layers at least partially electrically separate the transfer layers 504 from one another. In further configurations, the insulation layers 502 are configured to, at least partially, physically separate one or more of the transfer layers 504 from one or more other transfer layers 504. Also, in some configurations one or more of the insulation layers may act as a smoke or water drip barrier between the passenger and cargo compartments.

Components of a MEC 44, 46, 48 may be detachably secured to the truss system 500. A portion of the power busing network system 90 of FIG. 3, for example corresponding with the high power portion 120 of a primary MEC 44, with the PPSNDs 302 a-c, is housed in an LRU 52 mounted to the top surface insulation layer 502 a of the truss system 500. Also inside the LRU 52 with the power busing network system 90 is a microprocessor that receives channel A and B data inputs from the CNI module 162 to control all the contactors 216, 218, 220, 222, 232, 250, 260 and 278.

Three-phase primary power 506 a-d (hereinafter may be referred to collectively and/or generically as “three-phase primary power 506”) is provided from one of the main generators 34, 36 to the PPSNDs 302 a-c inside the power busing network system 90. Phase A power 506 a, phase B power 506 b, or phase C power 506 c, or all three, may be routed from the output connections 390 a-c through the insulation layers 502 to one or more transfer layers 504 of the truss system 500. The neutral 506 d of the three phase primary power 506 also may be routed through the insulation layers 502 to one or more transfer layers 504 of the truss system 500. Communication data is sent from one MEC 44, 46, 48 to any other MEC 44, 46, 48 across two data channels 188, 190 (commonly referred to as channels A and B). As shown in FIG. 13, the mounting structure of the truss system 500 provides separate layers configured to provide separate communication channels to system components mounted to the truss system 500. Both data channels 188, 190 may be routed through the insulation layers 502 to one or more transfer layers 504 of the truss system 500. For example, the transfer layer 504 a includes data transfer path 536 and transfer layer 504 b includes data transfer path 538. The data transfer paths 536, 538 may be separated from one another by one or more layers 502, 504 such as transfer layer 504 c. Data communications back and forth between the power busing network system 90 with PPSNDs 302 and the CNI module 162 are sent back and forth across the data channels 188, 190. Data channel 188 passes through the transfer path 536 of transfer layer 504 a and data channel 190 passes through the transfer path 538 of transfer layer 504 b.

In some configurations, the transfer layers 504 are configured to include one or more power or data transfer paths, or both. For example, the transfer layer 504 c may include power transfer paths 512 a and 512 b which correspond with phase B power 506 b and neutral 506 d of the three phase primary power 506. The power transfer path 512 a receives phase B power, of 230 VAC for example, and transfers it to another LRU 52 mounted to the truss system 500 such as the CNI module 162 shown in FIG. 13. Transfer path 512 b is the current return path across the neutral 506 d from the CNI module 162 back to one of the PPSNDs 302.

Each MEC 44, 46, 48 also includes at least one power distribution module 170 for distributing secondary power from the MECs 44, 46, 48. Each distribution module 170 may be configured as one or more LRUs 52. Each distribution module 170 preferably receives all three phases but distributes them to single phase leads in a balanced manner. As shown in FIG. 13, phase A 506 a and phase B 506 b are provided through two different transfer layers 504 of the truss system 500, and then to distribution modes 170. Each distribution module 170 then distributes single phase secondary power to the low power equipment loads 50 within the assigned zone of each particular MEC 44, 46, 48. The equipment loads 50 associated with each MEC 44, 46, 48 are preferably distributed evenly across all three power phases. Preferably, each of the low power equipment loads 50 is connected to a distribution module 170 with a twisted electrical conductor pair. Although the present application depicts a particular number of connections in one or more of the Figures, any number of equipment loads 50 may be serviced by a MEC 44, 46, 48 subject to the amount of secondary power available.

FIG. 14 illustrates a primary MEC 44 with several layers of a truss system. The primary MEC 44 includes TRUs 134, 142, the ATU 138, the CNI module 162, distribution modules 170 and a PPSND 302. Primary MECs 44 include a PPSND 302 and MECs 46, 48 do not. A secondary MEC 46 could be depicted in a manner similar to the MEC 44 in FIG. 10B except without a PPSND 302. The two TRUs 134, 142, the ATU 138, the CNI module 162, distribution modules 170 and the PPSND 302 are electrically interconnected to the traces or metalized interconnects in the transfer layers 504 by inserting interconnector mechanisms 562. The interconnection mechanisms 562 are inserted through each of the TRUs 134, 142, the ATU 138, the CNI module 162, distribution modules 170 and the PPSND 302 and into vias 566 in each of the transfer layers 504.

The truss system includes transfer layer 504 a with trace 536 for channel A and transfer layer 504 b with trace 538 for channel B. Each of the TRUs 134, 142, the ATU 138, distribution modules 170 and the PPSND 302 are connected to a dedicated channel A trace 536 and to a dedicated channel B trace 538. However, the number of traces, 536, 538 on each transfer layer 504 depends on the protocol. In other embodiments, the TRUs 134, 142, the ATU 138, the distribution modules 170 and the PPSND 302 could all be connected to the same channel A trace 536 and to the same channel B trace 538.

The truss system in FIG. 14 also includes transfer layers 504 c, 504 d, 504 e and 504 f. Transfer layer 504 c includes traces 570 with three-phase primary power 506, such as 230 VAC, for powering the truss system of the MEC 44, 46, 48 and the systems connected to it. A respective trace 570 corresponds with phase A power 506 a, phase B power 506 b, phase C power 506 c, and neutral 506 d. The two TRUs 134, 142, the ATU 138, the CNI module 162, and the PPSND 302 are connected to the traces 570 of transfer layer 504 c with interconnector mechanisms 562 through vias 566. The three-phase primary power 506 is provided from the generators 34, 36 through the PPSND 302 to the transfer layer 504 c. The two TRUs 134, 142, the ATU 138, and the CNI module 162 are then powered by receiving the three-phase primary power 506 from the traces 570 of the transfer layer 504 c.

Secondary power is distributed from the TRUs 134, 142 and the ATU 138 to transfer layers 504 d, 504 e, 504 f. Transfer layers 504 d, 504 e are low voltage layers, such as 28 VDC, and each includes a positive trace 574, a negative trace 576, and a neutral trace 578. One of these transfer layers 504, such as transfer layer 504 e, may provide standby power from the fuel cell or RAT 128 via the second TRU 142. 28 VDC power from the traces 574, 576, 578 of transfer layers 504 d, 504 e is distributed to the distribution module 170. Transfer layer 504 f is a low voltage three-phase layer, such as 115 VAC, that includes phase A power 580, phase B power 582, phase C power 584 and a neutral 586. 115 VAC power from the traces of transfer layer 504 f is also distributed to the distribution module 170.

The distribution module 170 is connected to the traces of transfer layers 504 d, 504 e, 504 f for secondary power and also to the traces 536, 538 for channels A and B 202, 204 in order to distribute the secondary power to equipment loads 50 with the twisted and shield electrical conductor pairs 314. The distribution module 170 is not connected to transfer layer 504 b with three-phase primary power 506 because primary power is not distributed from the distribution module 170. Communication data from channels A and B 202, 204 of truss transfer layers 504 a, 504 b controls when the distribution module 170 turns on and off secondary power to the twisted and shield electrical conductor pairs 314 to service the equipment loads 50.

As shown in FIG. 14, the CNI module 162 is connected to every trace in every layer 504 of the truss system of the MEC 44, 46, 48. Because there are multiple voltage inputs to the CNI module 162, power regulators perform conversions to the needed voltages. If any of the traces on one or more of the layers 504 become powered, the CNI module 162 wakes up. For example, if all the MECs 44, 46 lose primary power, power could be provided to the standby MEC 48 with a fuel cell or the RAT 128 thereby providing power to traces 574, 576, 578 of the standby layer 504 e. Power in the traces 574, 576, 578 of the transfer layer 504 e would awaken the CNI module 162. The CNI module 162 also receives communication data for use with the network switches 182, 184, 186 from both channels A and B 202, 204 from each of the traces 536, 538 of the transfer layers 504 a, 504 b.

FIG. 14 also depicts a barrier 588 preferably positioned above the transfer layers 504 of the truss system of a MEC 44, 46, 48. If the truss system were positioned within the floor structure as shown in FIG. 17, the barrier serves as a smoke barrier for obstructing smoke from the cargo compartment from entering the passenger compartment and/or as a water drip barrier for obstructing dripping water anywhere with the aircraft 10. For example, the barrier 588 could obstruct water from dripping onto electrical components of a MEC 44, 46, 48. Alternatively, or in addition to the barrier 588, one or more of the insulation layers 502 could be the smoke and/or water drip barrier. For example, the uppermost insulation layer 502 of the truss system could be configured to act as a barrier to water and smoke.

In existing composite aircraft, the current return network provides a fault current return path, a personal safety protection path, and lightning protection path for the aircraft systems. However, as explained above, the current return network also provides a significant amount of wire weight to an aircraft which is undesirable.

The current return networks of these known aircraft are also susceptible to large voltage offsets. Both AC and DC voltages may be measured on the current return network. The return currents of all the equipment loads throughout the aircraft on the current return network are cumulative and therefore a voltage drop is created along the current return network as measured from the power source grounding point to the load grounding points. The voltage drop at different points along the current return network increases from the power source grounding points toward the back of the aircraft proportional to the impedance of the current return network and the current passing through it.

FIG. 15 generally illustrates three-phase (3Φ) primary power 506 is routed from one or more of the main generators 34, 36 to multiple isolated TRUs 134 and non-isolated ATUs 138. The TRUs 134 and ATUs 138 are distributed throughout the aircraft 10 as part of the distributed architecture as shown in FIG. 15. At least one TRU 134 and at least one ATU 138 corresponds with one of the MECs 44, 46, 48. Because the TRUs 134 are isolated they can be grounded wherever it is convenient. Also, because the TRUs 134 are distributed, the TRUs 134 can be grounded at different locations and, therefore, their DC return currents remain local to each respective MEC 44, 46, 48. However, the return currents are no longer cumulative which results in a DC offset voltage of zero.

FIG. 16 also generally illustrates the distribution of either AC or DC power from an ATU 138 or a TRU 134, respectively. However, more specifically as described above, the primary power 506 is first distributed to the power conversion equipment and then to the distribution modules 170 connected to each of the low power equipment loads 50 with multiple twisted and shielded electrical conductors where the conductors carry essentially equal but opposite currents. In application there may be small differences in current carried by the conductors. For example, twisted and shielded electrical conductor pair 314 includes an electrical power conductor 310 and a neutral or return conductor 312. The neutral conductor may be routed with a three-phase power feeder.

After converting the primary power 506, AC power is distributed from each ATU 138 to AC equipment loads 50 a with an electrical power conductor 310 and current is returned from each AC equipment load 50 a on a corresponding return conductor 312 of the twisted and shielded electrical conductor pair 314. DC power is provided from each TRU 134 to the DC equipment loads 50 b with electrical power conductor 310. Current is returned from each DC equipment load 50 b on the corresponding return conductor 312 of the twisted electrical conductor pair.

Phase A power 506 a, phase B power 506 b, and phase C power 506 c are distributed from the generators 34, 36. A fourth wire from the generators 34, 36 for the three-phase primary power 506 is also depicted that is the neutral conductor 506 d. Each of the AC equipment loads 50 a includes a shield termination wire 590 depicted by a broken line connected to the neutral conductor 506 d and each of the DC equipment loads 50 b includes a shield termination wire 592 also depicted by a broken line connected to the neutral conductor 506 d. Although each of the equipment loads 50 a and 50 b are connected to the neutral conductor 506 d with shield termination wires 590 and 592, respectively, the load return currents are no longer cumulative. In FIG. 16, part of the neutral conductor 506 d is configured to appear as a current return network (CRN) merely to illustrate that the voltage differential is zero as a result of using small loops of twisted wire conductor pairs for localized secondary power distribution. The neutral conductor 506 d of the distributed three-phase primary power 506 between MECs 44, 46, 48 of the aircraft 10, which is much smaller than conductors that would typically be utilized as part of a CRN, may simply be referred to as a safety ground bus (SGB). Therefore, a CRN is no longer needed in the composite aircraft 10 with localized secondary power distribution provided by twisted wire conductor pairs. The twisted wire conductor pair now provides current return. Also, the cross-sectional area of the loops created by the twisted conductor pair is much smaller than the cross-sectional area created by the larger wire loop of the CRN which reduces the lighting threat to the composite aircraft 10. For comparison, the conductors of the twisted pair may be about 16 to about 20 American wire gauge (AWG) whereas the conductors of the CRN are about 2 AWG or larger diameter.

FIG. 16 also illustrates the distribution of primary power from generators 34, 36 among primary MECs 44 distributed within the forward, mid and aft sections of the aircraft 10. Each primary MEC 44 includes a TRU 134 and an ATU 138 for servicing equipment loads 50 b and equipment loads 50 a, respectively, as described above. Power is distributed from each MEC 44 to each equipment load 50 with a twisted and shielded electrical conductor pair 314. FIG. 16 also depicts a pair of MECs 44 providing 230 VAC for auxiliary loads 520. As referenced in FIGS. 12A-12C and the accompanying text, 230 VAC power to and from the auxiliary loads is controlled by the contactors 232, 278 of the PPSNDs 302 of the primary MEC 44.

FIG. 16 also illustrates a plurality of LRUs 52, such as avionics, serviced by the forward most primary MEC 44. FIG. 16 also illustrates a battery 598 for providing standby power. Although FIG. 16 depicts the battery 598 providing standby power to only the forward most primary MEC 44, battery standby power is preferably provided to all primary MECs 44.

FIG. 17 illustrates an integrated truss system 600 which may be used in aircraft manufacturing for providing one or more power and data transfer paths as explained above. One or more MECs 44, 46, 48 may include the truss system 600 as a support or mounting structure for attaching all or part of vehicle systems, components of a MEC 44, 46, 48, equipment loads 50, LRUs 52, or other equipment.

The mounting structure of the truss system 600 may be a multi-part or modular assembly of separate structural elements that stack, detachably connect or lock together to create an integrated mounting structure that may be installed in an aircraft 10 as a single unitary piece. Each structural element may have one or more transfer layers and one or more insulation layers as described above. Each structural element of the multi-part truss system 600 may be detachable from one another to allow repair or replacement of damaged structural elements without removing undamaged structural elements from the aircraft 10. One or more layers of each structural element may also be replaced. One element of the truss system 600 could be swapped out without having to remove the entire truss system 600. Also, all or at least a portion of the truss system 600 may also be detachable from the support structure of the aircraft 10 such as the floor beams or fuselage frame members. Alternatively, the truss system 600 may be manufactured as a single monolithic structure which may be installed or replaced in it's entirely.

The truss system 600 is configured to extend within a thin structural volume defined in the sidewall of the fuselage between frame members, and by the depth of the frame members, or in the space in the floor between the passenger and cargo compartments of the aircraft 10, and by the depth of the floor beams. Alternately, the truss system 600 could have a physical form configured to be implemented within a traditional equipment bay. The truss system 600 mounted in the sidewall of the aircraft 10 preferably corresponds with the curvature of the fuselage of the aircraft 10. FIG. 17 is a bottom view looking upward toward the truss system 600 configured to extend from sidewall to sidewall of the aircraft 10, under seat rails 610, and between transverse floor beams 608. A MEC 44, 46, 48 positioned in the floor or in the sidewall of the aircraft 10 with a truss system such as truss system 600 can service the equipment loads 50 within the passenger compartment and in the cargo compartment of the aircraft 10 that are in proximity of the MEC 44, 46, 48.

The truss system 600 is configured to have a narrow middle portion that extends over the top of two inner adjacent floor beams 608 and opposite end portions that extend further outward from both sides of the two inner adjacent floor beam 608 to the next floor beams 608 to provide a wide surface for mounting components such as the power distribution modules 170. In one or more embodiments, the truss system is configured to have a width and length between adjacent floor beams 608, or between floor beams 608 that are displaced from one another, that is suitable for serving as a smoke barrier for obstructing smoke from the cargo compartment from entering the passenger compartment and/or as a water drip barrier for obstructing water dripping onto electrical components within the MEC 44, 46, 48.

FIG. 17 also shows the CNI module 162, power distribution modules 170, TRUs 134, 142, the ATU 138, and the PPSNDs 302 mounted to the truss system 600 of a primary MEC 44. The TRU 134 receives 230 VAC from the output connections 390 of the PPSNDs 302. The TRUs 134 connect to a power bus with 28 VDC to power the distribution modules 170. Each power distribution module 170 has connections 596 for interfacing with the equipment loads 50 associated with the primary MEC 44.

Each structural element of the truss system 600 has one or more transfer and insulation layers as explained above. One of the transfer layers may be configured to transfer high voltage power from one portion of a MEC 44, 46, 48 to another portion of that same MEC 44, 46, 48. For example, high voltage power may be provided inside the truss system 600 across a transfer layer to the PPSNDs 302, configured as an LRU 52, mounted to the surface of truss system 600. Low voltage secondary power may also be provided through another transfer layer of the truss system 600 to low power equipment loads 50 mounted to the surface of the truss system 600. Also, communication data can be provided across a transfer layer of the truss 600 to an aircraft system component mounted to the surface of the truss system 600. One transfer layer of the truss system 600 could provide channel A to a system component mounted to the surface of the truss system 600 and another transfer layer could provide channel B to that same system.

Often electronic protective functions are implemented only after the design of an aircraft is complete which lends itself to longer response times because of unintended latencies. One or more configurations of the aircraft 10 may have distributed electronic protections and a control architecture that enables multiple fault clearing actions to occur simultaneously without coordination issues due to conflicting controllers involved in fault isolation logic. A universal or common power controller such as an integrated protection chipset (IPC) scheme within the aircraft 10 can be easily scaled up or down based on the desired configurations. Also, a universal IPC allows for scaling of performance and the extension of deterministic protection behavior in a localized way. Parallel processing by the IPCs within the distributed architecture of the aircraft 10, where each IPC performs independent protective management, allows faster processing of fault clearances and corrective actions of electrical faults internal to one or more MECs 44, 46, 48 or on wiring downstream of the MECs 44, 46, 48. A cycle of commands for control, protection and safeguarding electrical systems, generators, and feeders occurs below a voltage cycle of about 1.25 milliseconds for a 800 Hz frequency.

Protective functions such as, but not limited to, overcurrent protection such as I²t (ampere-squared-seconds), differential protection, ground fault protection, corona fault detection, arc fault detection, overvoltage protection, undercurrent protection, voltage sensing, current sensing, current transfer, over temperature protection, open phase protection, unbalanced current protection, voltage RMS/phase functionality and impedance assessment using reflectometry methods are blended together and integrated onto a single IPC to reduce costs and complexity and to minimize supplier implementation differences that erode protection coordination performance. Trip values and specific protection functionality are customized at each location through data load, pin program or bar code reader in conjunction with lookup tables. Also, determining distance to a fault location via reflectometry impedance assessments may be integrated into the IPCs without association with electrical protective functions.

Traditionally, a controller sensing what is going on with one or more contactors sees heavy utilization sampling and broadcasting data, only to wait for an outside entity to make a determination on its state. This introduces latency into the communication network. Each IPC can make its own independent fault assessments and perform protective functions locally without dependence on internal data buses or isolation logic performed by multiple other power controllers distributed throughout the aircraft communicating with one another to perform fault isolation logic. For example, IPCs within a MEC 44, 46, 48 have knowledge of the secondary power distributed downstream to the associated equipment loads 50. These IPCs within a MEC 44, 46, 48 can locally sense any faults, perform local protective functions, and interrupt accordingly without also requiring knowledge of and independent from what is occurring upstream in the aircraft 10 such as on the primary power switching network or with the controllers of the power sources that provide power to the MECs 44, 46, 48.

IPCs may be utilized anywhere power protections are needed. For example, IPCs may be used for interrupting fault currents anywhere there are contactors. Each contactor can act autonomously but the status of its own protective functions is communicated to each of the other IPCs in order to configure themselves based on data originating somewhere adjacent to them and received across the communication network. For example, a status of protective functions implemented by one IPC of one MEC is communicated to one or more IPCs of one or more other MECs. Because each contactor can independently determine and initiate its own protection, the faults occurring in local areas are cleared faster and there is less communication network overhead. Thus, the processing of fault logic is pushed outward and performed in parallel at the perimeter of the power distribution system as opposed to at the center. Otherwise, centralized processing takes up a lot of processor resources.

FIG. 18 illustrates IPCs 824 where power feeders 40, 42, 130 interconnect with the main power generators 34, 36, the auxiliary power unit generator 54, and the MECs 44, 46, 48. A generator controller such as generator control unit (GCU) 820 for the generator 34, 36 and for the auxiliary power unit generator 54 each includes an IPC 824. Thus, the GCU 820 with IPC 824 is delegated to contain high power level protections that independently prevent damage to the generators 34, 36 and power feeders 40, 42 along with power quality protections and to contain protections that independently prevent damage to the auxiliary power unit generator 54 and power feeder 130 along with power quality protections.

The IPCs 824 on-board a MEC 44, 46, 48 contain high power level protections that can perform coordinated assessments with the IPCs 824 of other MEC 44, 46, 48 that prevent damage to the associated MEC 44, 46, 48, the corresponding power feeders 40, 42, 130, as well as the corresponding forward, aft, and mid tie buses 76, 78, 80. The IPCs 824 residing where primary power is provided to the MECs 44, 46, 48 perform high power level protection actions in conjunction with IPCs 824 of the controller units associated with the primary power sources such as the GCU 820 or across the forward, aft or mid tie buses 76, 78, 80 providing primary power from adjacent MECs 44, 46, 48. For example, where there is a flow of current between MECs 44, 46, 48, an IPC 824 requires knowledge of what is going on with the other MECs 44, 46, 48 as well as with its own MEC to coordinate the high power level protective functions. Also, IPCs 824 of the MECs 44, 46, 48 need to know what is going on with the IPCs 824 of the generators 34, 36 and vice versa.

Other IPCs 824 on-board a MEC 44, 46, 48 also provide zonal independent low power level protections where each IPC 824 performs assessments independent of other power controllers, such as independent of power controllers of the power source, for the zonal distribution of secondary power across twisted and shielded electrical conductor pairs 314 to the equipment loads 50 within the zone associated with each MEC 44, 46, 48. By implementing an IPC 824 with each contactor, protections may be implemented for controlling a specific equipment load 50. Because power and quality protections can be performed locally by each one of the on-board IPCs 824 and independent from centralized power controllers such as the GCUs 820 or a bus power control unit, the control logic conflicts and the high volume of communications that result in delays in clearing faults associated with the secondary power distribution are eliminated. Thus, the IPCs 824 allow the universal coordination of inter-MEC type high power level protections between the generators 34, 36, the auxiliary power unit 56 and the MECs 44, 46, 48 while at the same time also having lower power level protections for the equipment loads 50 distributed throughout the aircraft 10.

Protection schemes of one or more IPCs 824 may be defined in terms of a zone. For example, two or more IPCs 824 may define a zone of protection where each one of the IPCs 824 is response for a portion of the zone and their assessments are coordinated to locate and locally isolate faults within that zone. Also, IPCs 824 along a perimeter of a zone act collectively to provide fault assessments for their zone of protective functions. Specific protection zones could be defined based on a specific architecture such as, but not limited to, a tie bus zone, a primary power switching bus zone, a zone of a single MEC, a zone of multiple MECs, a primary MEC 44 to primary MEC 44 zone, a generator to one or more MECs zone, or a zone of equipment loads associated with a MEC 44, 46, 48. IPCs 824 such as those performing high power level protection where primary power is provided from the generators 34, 36 to the MECs 44, 46, 48 may be defined as a zone of high power level protection. Also, a standalone IPC 824 that provides independent fault assessments could be its own zone. For example, between an input to an output within a truss of a MEC 44, 46, 48 may be a zone for a standalone IPC 824. Also, IPCs 824 performing low power level protections for downstream secondary power distribution from the MECs 44, 46, 48 across twisted and shielded electric conductor pairs 314 may be defined as a zone of low level protection.

For differential current protection, currents are monitored at multiple locations in a zone. If a current mismatch exists in the zone, specific contactors would be opened to isolate the fault. If there are failures in the power distribution system, such as a PPSND 302 loses communications or is otherwise inoperable requiring power routing reconfiguration, the zone that is being protected could be adapted or expanded to include additional current sensing in other locations such as in other MECs and different contactors could open to isolate a fault. Also, if an IPC 824 fails within a zone, that zone may be adapted or expanded to include one or more additional IPCs 824 to maintain a perimeter that is protectively functional.

FIG. 19 illustrates one configuration of one of the MECs 44, 46, 48 having a distribution module 170 and a PPSND 302. However, the MEC 44, 46, 48 of FIG. 19 includes other components as described in more detail herein. The distribution module 170 and the PPSND 302 each include multiple contactors such as the contactors 842 shown in FIG. 19. The contactors 842 correspond to any one of the contactors depicted or described herein in association with the distribution modules 170, PPSNDs 302, any other device of the MECs 44, 46, 48, or elsewhere on the aircraft 10, where power protection is needed. For example, at least one configuration of each PPSND 302 includes eight contactors 210, 218, 220, 222, 232, 250, 260 and 278, as described above, where each functionally corresponds with a contactor 842 having its own protections through a corresponding IPC 824.

Multiple switching elements within each of the contactors 842 are each commanded to open and close by gate drive electronics for controlling the contactors 842. The IPCs 824 are associated with the gates drive electronics as wells as current sensing electronics for monitoring the current through each of the switching elements. If the electronics detect some type of fault such as a ground or arc fault, overvoltage, overcurrent, undercurrent, etc., the gate of one or more switching elements is commanded to open to interrupt the current through the contactor 842. Each IPC 824 includes a DSPic or microprocessor 826 and an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) 828 customized for locating and identifying faults. All the analog and digital sensed data is pre-processed and digitized via the ASIC 828 allowing the microprocessor 826 to be programmed with universal, common protection software with the desired level of design assurances. This digitized data is available to the CNI module 162 of the MEC 44, 46, 48 to communicate with other CNI modules 162 and IPCs 824 within other MECs 44, 46, 48 within adjacent zones. For example, the IPC 824 could include spread-spectrum time-domain reflectometry (SSTDR) for locating and identifying faults on powered circuits. SSTDR looks across a broader frequency range on a powered circuit that enables reconstructions of the reflections back to obtain information about any circuit faults on the powered circuit.

Each distribution module 170 could have a dedicated IPC 824 installed in each of its contactors or a single IPC 824 could be multiplexed across multiple contactors depending on the speed of the IPC 824's microprocessor 826. Also, each PPSND 302 could have a dedicated IPC 824 for each of its contactors or a single IPC 824 could be multiplexed across multiple contactors depending on the speed of the IPC 824's microprocessor 826.

Digital differential protection integrated into the IPCs 824 monitors current on both ends of each wire of the primary power distribution network with current sensing integrated into each IPC 824 and therefore located at the generators 34, 36 and at the MECs 44, 46, 48 for transferring power from one MEC 44, 46, 48 to another. The current sensing look at the current between the two different locations of the two wire ends that are spaced some distance apart and then share the data digitally with other IPCs 824. Separate external differential protection circuitry is not needed because the differential protection is integrated into the solid state contactors and associated controls which reduce the overall wiring complexity and weight of the aircraft 10.

Data is digitized at each current sensor and then sent over the communications network to do the current comparisons and ascertain whether there is a fault somewhere in the power distribution system. If the current at two locations is different or the sum of currents downstream of the source are different than the source that exceeds a set threshold then there is a fault. For example, on a PPSND 302 the contactor 220 at the output connection 214 for a secondary MEC 46 has an associated IPC 824. The current (magnitude and relative phase angle) is measured at the contactor 220 and at the IPC 824 at the power input to the secondary MEC 46. One or more communication channels exist between a primary MEC 44 and a secondary MEC 46. The IPCs 824 distributed amongst the MECs 44, 46, 48 and the GCUs 820 compare the contactor currents to ascertain whether faults exits and where. Also, the use of the IPCs 824 with the contactors enables the classification of the fault type to enable adaptive protection action or system isolation, distinguishing between fault currents and magnetization currents to avoid unwanted protective actions, and provide built-in test equipment data for localizing the fault for repair or replacement thereby reducing repair time.

On the primary MEC 44 the current flow out of the contactor 220 to the secondary MEC 46 is compared to the incoming current flow to the secondary MEC 46 and the digital differential protection is able to communicate fast enough across the existing communication network between primary and secondary MECs 44, 46 to time the two current readings to make reliable fault current determinations. Thus, each IPC 824 makes its own non-centralized control determination for different fault assessments based upon the shared data provided by network switches 182, 184, 186 of other MECs 44, 46, 48. The distributed MEC architecture with IPCs 824 of the aircraft 10 allows for localization of protective actions that would otherwise have been performed or coordinated by other elements that introduce latencies to response times.

Turning now to FIG. 20, an illustrative routine 900 for providing distributed protection and control architecture for electrical systems of a vehicle is provided herein. Unless otherwise indicated, more or fewer operations may be performed than shown in the figures and described herein. Additionally, unless otherwise indicated, these operations may also be performed in a different order than those described herein.

The routine 900 starts at operation 902, where MECs 44, 46, 48 are spatially distributed throughout a vehicle. In operation 904 primary power is distributed to the MECs 44, 46, 48. Operation 906 includes distributing secondary power from each MEC 44, 46, 48 to equipment loads 50 nearest each MEC 44, 46, 48. Operation 908 includes providing IPCs 824 having electronic protective functions. In operation 910 the IPCs 824 perform high power level protections by performing coordinated fault assessments where primary power is received at each MEC 44, 46, 48. In operation 912 the IPCs 824 independently perform low power level protections where secondary power is distributed from each MEC 44, 46, 48.

The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. Various modifications and changes may be made to the subject matter described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure, which is set forth in the following claim. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for providing distributed protection for electrical systems within a vehicle, the system comprising: a plurality of modular equipment centers (MECs) spatially distributed throughout the vehicle; and a plurality of power controllers configured to implement protective functions by monitoring and controlling electrical systems within the vehicle, the plurality of power controllers comprising: at least one respective power controller included within each MEC of the plurality of MECs, the at least one respective power controller configured to implement localized protective functions and to perform independent fault assessments, and one or more other power controllers within the vehicle that are configured to perform coordinated fault assessments across the plurality of MECs, wherein the plurality of power controllers are configured to concurrently implement the protective functions.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein each MEC of the plurality of MECs is configured to receive primary power and to distribute secondary power, wherein the at least one respective power controller within each MEC comprises respective first and second power controllers, the first power controller configured for performing high power level protections associated with the primary power, and the second power controller configured for performing low power level protections associated with the secondary power.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein each MEC of the plurality of MECs is configured to receive primary power from another MEC of the plurality of MECs, wherein the at least one respective power controller within each MEC comprises at least a first power controller configured for performing high power level protections associated with the primary power.
 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a power source configured to provide power to one or more of the plurality of MECs, the power source including a first power controller of the plurality of power controllers, wherein the at least one respective power controller included within each MEC is configured to implement the localized protective functions independent of the first power controller of the power source.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the protective functions include at least one of a group of differential protection, ground fault protection, overvoltage protection, overcurrent protection, undercurrent protection, unbalanced current protection, open phase protection, corona fault detection, over temperature protection, and arc fault detection.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the protective functions include at least one of voltage sensing, current sensing, current transfer, voltage RMS/phase functionality, and impedance assessment.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one respective power controller included within each MEC is further configured to process fault clearances and corrective actions without communication from another MEC of the plurality of MECs.
 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a generator controller including a first power controller of the plurality of power controllers, wherein the one or more other power controllers that are configured to perform coordinated fault assessments across the plurality of MECs include the first power controller.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein each power controller of the plurality of power controllers comprises an integrated protection chipset (IPC).
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein at least one MEC of the plurality of MECs comprises a plurality of contactors, wherein a dedicated IPC is embedded on each contactor of the plurality of contactors.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein at least one MEC of the plurality of MECs comprises a plurality of contactors, wherein an IPC is multiplexed across the plurality of contactors.
 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising one or more integrated protection chipsets (IPCs) implemented in a power distribution module of at least one MEC of the plurality of MECs.
 13. The system of claim 1, further comprising one or more integrated protection chipsets (IPCs) implemented in a primary power switching network device of at least one MEC of the plurality of MECs.
 14. A method for providing a distributed protection and control architecture for electrical systems of a vehicle, the method comprising: distributing primary power generated by a power source to a plurality of modular equipment centers (MECs) that are spatially distributed throughout the vehicle; distributing secondary power from each MEC of the plurality of MECs to respective equipment loads nearest each MEC; performing, using a plurality of integrated protection chipsets (IPCs) providing electronic protective functions, high power level protections where each MEC receives the distributed primary power; and independently performing, using the plurality of IPCs, low power level protections where secondary power is distributed from each MEC to the respective equipment loads.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one MEC of the plurality of MECs receives the distributed primary power from another one of the plurality of MECs.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein performing high power level protections where each MEC receives the distributed primary power comprises coordinating fault assessments across the plurality of MECs.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein performing high power level protections where each MEC receives the distributed primary power comprises implementing differential protection between two or more of the plurality of MECs.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one MEC of the plurality of MECs receives the distributed primary power from the power source, wherein performing high power level protections where each MEC receives the distributed primary power comprises implementing differential protection between a power generator of the power source and a primary MEC.
 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising sharing data digitally across one or more communication channels between the plurality of MECs for implementing differential protection.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein high power level protections and low power level protections are each performed by one or more respective IPCs of the plurality of IPCs that are associated with each MEC of the plurality of MECs.
 21. The method of claim 14, wherein independently performing low power level protections is performed independent of one or more IPC of the plurality of IPCs that are associated with the power source.
 22. The method of claim 14, further comprising communicating a status of protective functions implemented by a first IPC of the plurality of IPCs and included within a first MEC of the plurality of MECs, to one or more second IPCs of the plurality of IPCs and included within one or more other MECs of the plurality of MECs.
 23. The method of claim 14, further comprising: isolating a fault using a first IPC of the plurality of IPCs; communicating, to one or more other IPCs of the plurality of IPCs, the isolation of the fault; and expanding, responsive to the communication, a zone of protective functions of the one or more other IPCs.
 24. The method of claim 14, further comprising: defining a zone of protection associated with one or more IPCs of the plurality of IPCs; and upon detecting a current mismatch within the zone, expanding the zone to include one or more other IPCs of the plurality of IPCs to isolate a fault associated with the current mismatch.
 25. The method of claim 14, further comprising: defining a zone of protection associated with one or more IPCs of the plurality of IPCs; and upon a loss of power within the zone, expanding the zone to include one or more other IPCs of the plurality of IPCs to perform corresponding electronic protective functions.
 26. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of the high power level and low power level protections are performed by two or more IPCs of the plurality of IPCs that are operating in parallel, each of the two or more IPCs independently processing fault clearances and local corrective actions.
 27. The method of claim 14, further comprising determining a distance to a fault by reflectometry impedance.
 28. A system for providing distributed protection of electrical systems within a vehicle, the system comprising: a plurality of modular equipment centers (MECs) spatially distributed throughout the vehicle; one or more power sources configured to generate primary power for distribution to the plurality of MECs; one or more respective equipment loads configured to be serviced by each MEC of the plurality of MECs; and a plurality of integrated protection chipsets (IPCs) configured for monitoring and controlling electrical systems within the vehicle, each IPC configured to implement a plurality of protective functions corresponding to at least one MEC of the plurality of MECs, wherein one or more IPCs of the plurality of IPCs are configured to perform independent fault assessments of the at least one MEC.
 29. The system of claim 28, wherein one or more IPCs of the plurality of IPCs are each included within a respective one or more MECs of the plurality of MECs, wherein the one or more IPCs define a protection zone.
 30. The system of claim 29, wherein, upon determining a loss of power to all or part of a first MEC of the plurality of MECs, the protection zone is expanded to include one or more additional IPCs of the plurality of IPCs that are included in a second MEC of the plurality of MECs to perform protective functions.
 31. The system of claim 28, wherein one or more IPCs of the plurality of IPCs and located within a first MEC of the plurality of MECs each perform fault assessments based on information provided from other MECs of the plurality of MECs. 